Hannah Arendt citáty

Hannah Arendtová bola nemecko-americká politologička a filozofka. Žiačka Edmund Husserla, K. Jaspersa, R. Bultmanna a M. Heideggera. Spoluvydavateľka Kafkovho diela Sústredila sa na výskum sociologicko-antropologických kategórií práce, výroby a konania.

Základnými rozmermi praktického života ako najhlbšej podmienenosti ľudskej existencie je práca, vyrábanie a konanie. Práca zodpovedá biologickej podmienenosti existencie ako telesnej, takže jej podmienkou je život sám; vo vyrábaní a zhotovovaní predmetov sa vyjavuje to, čím sa ľudská bytosť stavia proti svojej prírodnej a biologickej viazanosti. Vyrábaním vzniká oblasť protikladná oblasti prírodnej, je spredmetnením toho, čo je schopné pretrvať individuálny život: vyrábanie tak poukazuje na to, že k ľudskej existencii vždy patrí svet. Konanie je zakotvené v tom, že bytie človeka je zároveň spolubytím, teda zodpovedá faktu plurality. Konanie sa vždy odohráva ako vzťah medzi ľuďmi, je to činnosť verejná, v ktorej sa roztvára oblasť politického života.

Tieto tri základné rozmery ľudskej existencie chápe Arendtová ako prehĺbenie Heideggerových analýz starosti - sú teda podmienenosťou ľudskej existencie, ktorej základom je čas: práca je poukaz k minulosti a k situovanosti, vyrábanie a zhotovovanie vecí je rozmer prítomnosti, zatiaľ čo konaním sa človek ako bytosť politická otvára do budúcnosti - politická starosť je starosť o to, čo bude.

Základným zmyslom ľudského aktívneho života je premieňať to, čo je dané, na podmienky vlastnej existencie: čokoľvek sa v ľudskom svete vyjaví, stane sa vzápätí súčasťou ľudskej podmienenosti. Preto sa človek nestretáva s vecami ako cudzími, vonkajšími objektami, ale ako s tým, čo patrí do jeho života.

✵ 14. október 1906 – 4. december 1975   •   Ďalšie mená Hannah Arendtová
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“The totalitarian attempt at global conquest and total domination has been the destructive way out of all impasses. Its victory may coincide with the destruction of humanity; wherever it has ruled, it has begun to destroy the essence of man.”

Hannah Arendt kniha The Origins of Totalitarianism

Preface to the first edition, written in the summer of 1950.
The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951)
Kontext: The totalitarian attempt at global conquest and total domination has been the destructive way out of all impasses. Its victory may coincide with the destruction of humanity; wherever it has ruled, it has begun to destroy the essence of man. Yet to turn our backs on the destructive forces of the century is of little avail.
The trouble is that our period has so strangely intertwined the good with the bad that without the imperialists' "expansion for expansion's sake," the world might never have become one; without the bourgeoisie's political device of "power for power's sake," the extent of human strength might never have been discovered; without the fictitious world of totalitarian movements, in which with unparalleled clarity the essential uncertainties of our time have been spelled out, we might have been driven to our doom without ever becoming aware of what has been happening.
And if it is true that in the final stages of totalitarianism an absolute evil appears (absolute because it can no longer be deduced from humanly comprehensible motives), it is also true that without it we might never have known the truly radical nature of Evil.

“The ideal subject of totalitarian rule is not the convinced Nazi or the convinced Communist, but people for whom the distinction between fact and fiction (i. e., the reality of experience) and the distinction between true and false (i. e., the standards of thought) no longer exist.”

Hannah Arendt kniha The Origins of Totalitarianism

Part 3, Ch. 13, § 3.
Zdroj: On the subject the ideal subjects for a totalitarian authority. Source: The Origins of Totalitarianism, published in 1951. As quoted by Scroll Staff (December 04, 2017): Ideas in literature: Ten things Hannah Arendt said that are eerily relevant in today’s political times https://web.archive.org/web/20191001213756/https://scroll.in/article/856549/ten-things-hannah-arendt-said-that-are-eerily-relevant-in-todays-political-times. In: Scroll.in. Archived from the original https://scroll.in/article/856549/ten-things-hannah-arendt-said-that-are-eerily-relevant-in-todays-political-times on October 1, 2019.

“Persecution of powerless or power-losing groups may not be a very pleasant spectacle, but it does not spring from human meanness alone.”

Hannah Arendt kniha The Origins of Totalitarianism

Part 1, Ch. 1, § 1.
The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951)
Kontext: Persecution of powerless or power-losing groups may not be a very pleasant spectacle, but it does not spring from human meanness alone. What makes men obey or tolerate real power and, on the other hand, hate people who have wealth without power, is the rational instinct that power has a certain function and is of some general use. Even exploitation and oppression still make society work and establish some kind of order. Only wealth without power or aloofness without a policy are felt to be parasitical, useless, revolting, because such conditions cut all the threads which tie men together. Wealth which does not exploit lacks even the relationship which exists between exploiter and exploited; aloofness without policy does not imply even the minimum concern of the oppressor for the oppressed.

“It is, in fact, far easier to act under conditions of tyranny than it is to think.”

Hannah Arendt kniha The Human Condition

The Human Condition (1958).

“The concentration camps, by making death itself anonymous (making it impossible to find out whether a prisoner is dead or alive), robbed death of its meaning as the end of a fulfilled life.”

Hannah Arendt kniha The Origins of Totalitarianism

Part 3, Ch. 12, § 3.
The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951)
Kontext: The concentration camps, by making death itself anonymous (making it impossible to find out whether a prisoner is dead or alive), robbed death of its meaning as the end of a fulfilled life. In a sense they took away the individual’s own death, proving that henceforth nothing belonged to him and he belonged to no one. His death merely set a seal on the fact that he had never existed.

“Before mass leaders seize the power to fit reality to their lies, their propaganda is marked by its extreme contempt for facts as such, for in their opinion fact depends entirely on the power of man who can fabricate it.”

Hannah Arendt kniha The Origins of Totalitarianism

Zdroj: On the subject “alternate facts”. Source: The Origins of Totalitarianism, published in 1951. As quoted by Scroll Staff (December 04, 2017): Ideas in literature: Ten things Hannah Arendt said that are eerily relevant in today’s political times https://web.archive.org/web/20191001213756/https://scroll.in/article/856549/ten-things-hannah-arendt-said-that-are-eerily-relevant-in-todays-political-times. In: Scroll.in. Archived from the original https://scroll.in/article/856549/ten-things-hannah-arendt-said-that-are-eerily-relevant-in-todays-political-times on October 1, 2019.

“To expect truth to come from thinking signifies that we mistake the need to think with the urge to know.”

Hannah Arendt kniha The Life of the Mind

Zdroj: The Life of the Mind (1971/1978), p. 61.

“A mixture of gullibility and cynicism had been an outstanding characteristic of mob mentality before it became an everyday phenomenon of masses. In an ever-changing, incomprehensible, world the masses had reached the point where they would, at the same time, believe everything and nothing, think that everything is possible and that nothing was true.”

Hannah Arendt kniha The Origins of Totalitarianism

Part 3, Ch. 2 The Totalitarian Movement, page 80 https://books.google.de/books?id=I0pVKCVM4TQC&pg=PT104&dq=A+mixture+of+gullibility+and+cynicism+had+been+an+outstanding+characteristic+of+mob+mentality+before+it+became+an+everyday+phenomenon+of+masses.&hl=de&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=A%20mixture%20of%20gullibility%20and%20cynicism%20had%20been%20an%20outstanding%20characteristic%20of%20mob%20mentality%20before%20it%20became%20an%20everyday%20phenomenon%20of%20masses.&f=false
The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951)
Kontext: A mixture of gullibility and cynicism had been an outstanding characteristic of mob mentality before it became an everyday phenomenon of masses. In an ever-changing, incomprehensible, world the masses had reached the point where they would, at the same time, believe everything and nothing, think that everything is possible and that nothing was true. The mixture in itself was remarkable enough, because it spelled the end of the illusion that gullibility was a weakness of unsuspecting primitive souls and cynism the vice of superior and refined minds. Mass propaganda discovered that its audience was ready at all times to believe the worst, no matter how absurd, and did not particularly object to being deceived because it held every statement to be a lie anyhow. The totalitarian mass leaders based their propaganda on the correct psychological assumption that, under such conditions, one could make people believe the most fantastic statements one day, and trust if the next day they were given irrefutable proof of their falsehood, they would take refuge in cynicism; instead of deserting the leaders who had lied to them, they would protest that they had known all along the statement was a lie and would admire the leaders for their superior tactical cleverness.

“In politics, love is a stranger, and when it intrudes upon it nothing is being achieved except hypocrisy.”

Letter to James Baldwin (21 November 1962).
General sources
Kontext: In politics, love is a stranger, and when it intrudes upon it nothing is being achieved except hypocrisy. All the characteristics you stress in the Negro people: their beauty, their capacity for joy, their warmth, and their humanity, are well-known characteristics of all oppressed people. They grow out of suffering and they are the proudest possession of all pariahs. Unfortunately, they have never survived the hour of liberation by even five minutes. Hatred and love belong together, and they are both destructive; you can afford them only in private and, as a people, only so long as you are not free.

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